ATOMIC THEORY
Hemdan M. Aly| QSComm Advisor
It is generally accepted that the fundamental subject of quantum theory is the world of the atom, exploring its components and movement. Therefore, its connection to atomic theory is evident. Atomic theory is ancient, dating back to the Greek philosophers of the 13th century, particularly Leucippus and Democritus, who asserted that matter "is composed of tiny particles that can be broken down into smaller particles, each called an atom. The world consists of an infinite number of these atoms, differing in shape and size, and in constant motion." Consequently, the objects we observe in the natural world vary according to the composition and arrangement of these atoms in each object.
JOHN DALTON
In modern times, serious research into the origin of the atom began in the 18th century, specifically within the field of chemistry, with the work of John Dalton. He is considered the first to scientifically address the issue of the atom in 1848, theorizing that "matter is composed of atoms and that chemical changes in bodies arise from the bonding of atoms that were once part of the atom." Before separation, or the separation of atoms that were previously united.
Therefore, no new atom will be created, nor will an existing atom be destroyed, based on the principle of conservation of matter; This states that matter cannot be created or destroyed. Dalton also affirms that the atoms of all chemical elements are identical, and that the differences between atoms of one element and another are due to the difference in atomic weight.
MENDELEEV
The Russian scientist Mendeleev was the first to propose an ascending order of chemical elements according to their atomic weight in 1869. At that time, he knew of 92 elements or slightly more, including hydrogen, helium, carbon, ozone, oxygen, fluorine, sodium, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, and calcium. The last elements to be discovered at that time were... (Uranium and Plutonium), 1984. James Maxwell used atomic theory to formulate a theory concerning gases, where he found that "a gas has pressure, that it has a certain energy in its motion, the speed of which he could calculate, and that there is a relationship between the temperature of the gas, its kinetic energy, and its speed."
Maxwell postulated that a gas is composed of atoms that move in unspecified directions, and that these atoms crowd together. He postulated that "this crowding and bonding between the atoms is the cause of the gas's pressure," and discovered that its kinetic energy is the energy of Its heat.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Some 20th-century scientists were able to discover some components related to the internal structure of the atom. The natural scientist J.J. Thomson proposed "that the atom be conceived as a small, hollow, positively filled sphere, with atoms inside it as seeds are inside an apple." According to this view, Thomson was the first to discover the presence of electrons within the atom. He found that "these electrons are exactly the same in the atom of every element, differing from one element to another only in their number within the atom."
ERNEST RATHERFORD
Ernest Rather Ford continued to study these researches, drawing on the work of other scientists such as Becquerel, Pierre Curie, and Marie Curie announced the discovery of another particle within the atom, the nucleus. They relied on Becquerel and Curie's discovery of radioactive disintegration, which reveals the existence of atoms with radioactive properties. These atoms emit radiation within their nuclei at high temperatures. Becquerel and Curie observed that the nuclei of these atoms emit three types of radiation: alpha rays, beta rays, and gamma rays. Alpha and beta rays are the source of our knowledge about the atomic nucleus. Examples of such materials include... Radioactive radium and helium atoms.
Furthermore, Rutherford was the first to discover the proton as a component of the atomic nucleus, and that electrons in every atom orbit the nucleus 1911 times. Other scientists discovered two other elements in the nucleus besides the proton: the neutron and the positron. In 1991, Rutherford achieved one of the most important discoveries related to the atom: the discovery of nuclear reactions, which were later developed by quantum physicists, who believe that The universe is made up of atoms, and each atom contains other particles. In addition, the nucleus consists of protons, neutrons, and positrons, and electrons orbit in regular paths within the atom's sphere. Scientists have adopted a general conception of the atom that closely resembles the solar system. Just as the sun is at the center of a group of planets that revolve around it in different orbits, the nucleus is likewise at the center of the electrons that revolve around it.
The following is an explanation of the most important components of the atom:
1.THE NUCLEUS
The nucleus is the particle at the center of the atom, composed of two types of particles: protons and neutrons. The diameter of the nucleus is approximately 1/10 of the diameter of the atom. The lightest nucleus is the hydrogen nucleus, which has a single positive charge. That is, it contains one proton and one electron, making it the lightest of atoms.
A. PROTON
The proton is one of the fundamental elementary properties of the atom. Its mass is 4831 times greater than the mass of the electron. It has a positive electric charge, and the total positive electric charge in the atom is equal to the total positive charge. Electricity
B. NEUTRON
Alongside the proton, the neutron is one of the fundamental components of the atomic nucleus. It is a stationary particle that rotates on its axis, is stable and invariable, and does not split or fission. The neutron is a neutral particle that emits no electric radiation. Its mass is equal to that of the proton. It combines with the proton to form the atomic nucleus. Because it has no charge, it is absorbed by the nuclei of all atoms, as all atoms contain a certain number of neutrons in their nuclei. The proton and neutron orbit each other within the nucleus at a speed equal to 4/4 the speed of light. This is due to a force that binds them together, the nuclear force, which originates from a short-lived particle called the pion, or pi-meson.
2. ELECTRON
The electron is one of the elementary particles that make up the atom. It has a negative electric charge and moves at extremely high speeds in orbits. Elliptical orbit around the nucleus, 144 million revolutions per second.
The electron's structure is identical in all atoms, differing only in its number. Electrons orbit the nucleus in a planetary orbit, much like the Earth orbits the Sun, except that the electron does not remain in a fixed orbit; its orbit may expand or contract.
The electron's orbit expands when it is excited, increasing its energy, and contracts when it absorbs energy. Therefore, the world is composed of atoms, but an atom contains not only molecules but also energy (radiation), which is the fundamental subject of quantum theory.
